Revolutionary Causes - USA Essay -- essays research papers

A number of issues raised tensions between the colonies and Great Britain. The already tense atmosphere was pushed even further with a number of taxes, acts and proclamations passed by Britain. These numerous acts usu wholey dealt with taxes and other issues that came into conflict with the independent nature of the American colonists. No one issue was solely responsible for the eventual American Revolution. Though all of these added together raised the resentment to a boiling point and all contributed to the revolution. The harsh frontier life led to the independent and often stubborn nature of the American Colonists. This development of this unique colonial personality conflicted drastically with the norms of the British Empire. This cultural personality also led to the passionately independent and democratic political leanings of the young colonies.The end of the French Indian War left acidic tensions amongst the Native American tribes, Britain and the colonists. The Native trib es were understandably upset with the outcome of the French Indian War. The French had treated the natives fairly and in general, honestly as well. what is more they accepted and often adopted the dress or assimilation of the Natives. This was in contrast to the crooked dealings, corruption and arrogance the Native Americans encountered with the British. The British even denied the rattling humanity of the American Indian and were contemptuous of the Native culture. After the French were defeated the British continued to treat the Natives unfairly. The Natives were further angered when they were informed that in that respect were now expected to be loyal subjects of a foreign king. With the French gone, even more colonist trickled into Indian footings. The colonists saw the land as a war prize and were eager to expand their settlements. More forts were consequently built to protect and regulate the frontier. The Native tribes were alarmed with the British domination and saw the ir land and culture slipping away. This tension amongst the tribes led to a resurgence of Native culture. A movement embracing the fundamentals of Native traditions that rejected the western culture gained ground. Pontiac, a chief and great orator used his influence to build alliance and untied fellow tribes against the British. The Native Americans launched a bloody war, conquering at least eight British forts. This conflict was ca... ...sidences. These acts were seen as a great intrusion to the colonists. They resented the invasiveness of the acts as well as the financial burdens. This issue was even mentioned in the Declaration of Independence as a point of contention and oppression. newfound York led the resistance to the Quartering acts. As the British commander?s headquarters, the New York colony argued it carried an unfair portion of the financial burden. The colony initially protested and limited the services and goods it was willing to provide. The defiance increased unti l December of 1766 when New York refused to honor some(prenominal) of the Quartering Acts. Predictably Britain retaliated. The issue was eventually settled though not to any side?s full satisfaction.British and colonial relations were never perfect and they seriously and quickly deteriorated in the years after 1763. In the Declaration of Independence the colonists pointed to issues such as the quartering of troops and unrepresented taxation among the expose issues leading to the declaration. All of these issues as well as the very nature and personality of the American colonists resulted in the eventual war with Great Britain.

Trouble Aboard The Titanic - A Personal Account (fiction) :: essays research papers

It all started when I was enjoying a late-night game of poker with some friends of mine, including by best friend, Joe Allen. There was a exquisite rumble and my noticed that my glass of fine wine was disturbed a bit.What was that? Joe said curiously.Oh, it was probably just the firemen throwing in more coal to speed this affair up overnight. I replied. The game continued normally until I was out of cash on hand I wasnt very good at poker in the first place. The end of the game was interrupted by three stewards bursting into the large room and yelling, Everyone on deck Secure life belts immediatelyJoe and I sprung up to see what was the matter. Whats the big idea here? Joe yell to one of the stewards.We have a small emergency situation and everyone necessitate to be moved to the deck with their life belts with them. He retorted.I kept my cool because I knew that the splendiferous passengers like us were always helped first. After conclusion two life belts, we were herded along with many others up to the deck.The deck was alive with movement all over. It was total pandemonium as everyone was trying to get alongside a lifeboat. I have a feeling that the unsinkable Titanic is sinking, Joe said.Sinking or not, we have to get on one of these boats. It looks like theyre letting first-class on first, so were in luck. I said to Joe. On the deck below us, I could see masses of stack that looked like herds of sheep being rushed in one direction. I noticed myself a little more seasick than I was before, and that the deck seemed slanted. It was obvious the carry was sinking now. A guard nearby was calling for first-class passengers so we went there and climbed aboard.Any ideas on whats going on? I yelled to the guard.Yeah, we hit a huge berg and were taking on water fast down below. He replied. Before I had time to think, the lifeboat was bring down into the water slowly. I felt sorry for the people on that lower deck because the ship was only half full of us ri ch first-class folk. The same guard had hopped onto the ship to lead it away from the dying giant. After seeing the Titanic from a distance, I could see that its long rows of deck lights werent perpendicular to the ocean anymore, but slanted way up.

One Summer Night :: essays research papers

Remember the days when you were once a adolescent? Their were so many decisions to makeand choices to choose from yet so many advantages. Now can you remember exclusively told of the goodtimes that you had? Always break out with your friends, gossiping, having sleep overs,talking on the phone constantly, and all of the teachers whose class you dreaded.Now I want you to imagine that it is the out goal day before summer break. Your parentsare taking a trip to Kentucky Lake with some friends, so your stuck home all alone. Soyoure pondering what all you could manage to stir up. The question isnt what are you going to do its what arent you going to do. What would a normal teenager do on a basis like this. You would just have to be a fool to nothave a caller. I know a political party never works out, your parents of all time got to find out some wayor another. But, maybe just this one time a teenager could truly out smart their allknowing all seeing, parents.Dont get me wrong, I n ot completely a renegade teenager. I followed my parentsrules, for awhile. I watched a movie and fixed me some popcorn. But as far as friendscoming over, I didnt just bend the rule, I bust it completely in half.Most of my friends showed up, in all there were about thirty-two, including myself. Igot some cool jams, some strobe lights, a fog machine, a black light, and just a few moregadgets to play around with.Well, the party kicked off around 630. It didnt start off on a bad note and it began toheat up about 700. Half-way through the party, a fight skint out between Chad and Mike. Iwasnt going to break it up, as a matter of fact I thought that the whole thing was hilarious. At every party something bad has ever got to happen. It wasnt the fight whichbroke out it was the phone call afterwards. Let me tell you this, it wasnt the pizza boy wholost his way, its your mother checking up on her little baby boy.One Summer Night essays research papers Remember the days when you were onc e a teenager? Their were so many decisions to makeand choices to choose from yet so many advantages. Now can you remember all of the goodtimes that you had? Always hanging out with your friends, gossiping, having sleep overs,talking on the phone constantly, and all of the teachers whose class you dreaded.Now I want you to imagine that it is the last day before summer break. Your parentsare taking a trip to Kentucky Lake with some friends, so your stuck home all alone. Soyoure pondering what all you could manage to stir up. The question isnt what are you going to do its what arent you going to do. What would a normal teenager do on a basis like this. You would just have to be a fool to nothave a party. I know a party never works out, your parents always got to find out some wayor another. But, maybe just this one time a teenager could actually out smart their allknowing all seeing, parents.Dont get me wrong, I not completely a renegade teenager. I followed my parentsrules, for awhi le. I watched a movie and fixed me some popcorn. But as far as friendscoming over, I didnt just bend the rule, I broke it completely in half.Most of my friends showed up, in all there were about thirty-two, including myself. Igot some cool jams, some strobe lights, a fog machine, a black light, and just a few moregadgets to play around with.Well, the party kicked off around 630. It didnt start off on a bad note and it began toheat up about 700. Half-way through the party, a fight broke out between Chad and Mike. Iwasnt going to break it up, as a matter of fact I thought that the whole thing was hilarious. At every party something bad has always got to happen. It wasnt the fight whichbroke out it was the phone call afterwards. Let me tell you this, it wasnt the pizza boy wholost his way, its your mother checking up on her little baby boy.

Mexicans in the United States Essay example -- Culture Mexico Mexican

Mexicans in the United States Introduction We need to help students and parents cherish and preserve the ethnic and cultural diversity that nourishes and strengthens this community and this nation. These words of the Chicano complaisant rights leader Cesar Chavez have resonated into the present vision of Mexican culture in America. Mexicans in the United States have created a vibrant culture that has crossed all over to influence other cultures. The reality is that Mexicans have played an integral role in shaping the current state of America, and through the power in verse as well as the continued blending of cultures Mexicans leave influence the future of the United States.HistoryMexicans were in American territory long in front America was even founded. The current border ties back to the end of the U.S.-Mexico War (1846-1848). At the end of the war American troops invaded Mexicos capital and resulted in the coerced signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. The treaty forced Mexico to give up almost half its territory. Most importantly, it initiated anti-Mexican sentiment that led to violations of civil rights. In Texas, Mexicans were restricted from voting. In New Mexico, Mexicans were the victims of violence, while in California laws against them were passed, some of which were known as the Greaser Laws (The Border).In the early twentieth century, political and economic mental unsoundness was caused in Mexico by the advent of the Mexican revolution. Many natives who feared the war fled the nation to the United States for refuge. More than 890,000 legal Mexican immigrants came to the United States for refuge between 1910 and 1920. The mutation had created a state of turmoil to the south, ... ...ce of Mexicans will continue to grow. With these numbers, power will follow. Mexicans are leading the Cultural Revolution that Americans are currently experiencing. America will have a new face influenced by the indigenous blood of Mex ico. Theres no turning back...We will win. We are winning because ours is a revolution of estimate and heart. Cesar Chavez Works CitedRamos, Jorge. The Other Face of America. 2002. Harper Collins New York.Mailman, Stanley. <http//www.ssbb.com/article1.html. shew 7, 2004.The Border. <http//www.pbs.org/kpbs/theborder/. March 3, 2004.Day of the Dead. <http//www.azcentral.com/ent/dead/history/. March 1, 2004.Quinceaeras.<http//www.tsha.utexas.edu/handbook/online/articles/view/QQ/ldq1.html. March 1, 2004.Census. <http//spanish.about.com/b/a/033326.htm. March 2, 2004.

Should Marijuana be Legalized? Essay -- Papers Weed Drugs Legalization

Should Marijuana be Legalized? Every 54 seconds, someone in the country is arrested for bullet marijuana. While some see this as a sign of the epidemic proportions of marijuana use in this country and as support for a continue crackdown others argue that pot arrests ar a waste of season and money, and a sign that its -- forgive the pun -- high time to legalize marijuana.What do you think should lighting up a joint, join, beer drinking and puffing tobacco as an inalienable American rights? Supporters of legalized marijuana argue that it should be legalized to protect the great social good, to prevent government hypocrisy towards recreational drug use, and to protect individual rights of choice. By defining all marijuana use as criminal, they argue, we are clogging courts and already-overburdened prisons, wasting police resources, and needlessly destroying the lives and jobs of otherwise model citizens. By legalizing marijuana, we would not only avoid these problems, we would also be drying up the money that goes to make crime and drug smugglers through the marijuana market. The government would be able to regulate marijuana, preventing more dangerous substances from being combined with it.The economic benefits of legalization of marijuana would also be substantial. Not only would the government receive revenue from marijuana taxation, farmers would also be able to grow hemp, which was an important source of fibre for rope, cloth, and paper in the United States until sixty years ago.Marijuana, AKA pot, dope, grass, weed, Mary Jane, reefer, ganja, kaya, and doobie, an illegal drug, is a green or gray mixture of dried, shredded flowers and leaves of the hemp lay Cannabis sativa. It can be eaten in c... ...ects timing, movements, and coordination. Also, according to a study conducted by Reitbrock and Harder, using pot can affect thinking and judgment, which can esteem users may do things they wouldnt do with a clear head. This can mean unsafe sex or ot her risky behaviors.We can argue this issue all day long. I dont feel America is ready to legalize marijuana at this time. Give it some time and some extensive comprehensive studies, and then, maybe, just maybe there could be a place in the medical field for this herb, if it is administrated in a controlled environment.ResourcesAmerican Council for Drug Education164 West 74th StreetNew York, NY 10023National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence (NCADD)12 West 21st Street, 7th radicalNew York, NY 10010National Institute on Drug Abuse6001 Executive BlvdBethesda, Maryland 20892-9561.

Should Marijuana be Legalized? Essay -- Papers Weed Drugs Legalization

Should Marijuana be Legalized? Every 54 seconds, some(a)one in the domain is arrested for smoking marijuana. While some see this as a sign of the epidemic proportions of marijuana use in this country and as support for a continued crackdown others argue that pot arrests are a waste of time and funds, and a sign that its -- forgive the pun -- high time to permit marijuana.What do you think should lighting up a joint, join, beer drinking and puffing tobacco as an inalienable Ameri fuel rights? Supporters of legalized marijuana argue that it should be legalized to treasure the greater social good, to prevent government hypocrisy towards recreational drug use, and to protect individual rights of choice. By defining all marijuana use as criminal, they argue, we are clogging courts and already-overburdened prisons, wasting police re computer addresss, and needlessly destroying the lives and jobs of otherwise model citizens. By legalizing marijuana, we would not only avoid these pro blems, we would also be drying up the money that goes to organized crime and drug smugglers through the marijuana market. The government would be able to regulate marijuana, preventing more dangerous substances from being combined with it.The economic benefits of legitimation of marijuana would also be substantial. Not only would the government receive revenue from marijuana taxation, farmers would also be able to grow balancer, which was an important source of fiber for rope, cloth, and paper in the United States until sixty years ago.Marijuana, AKA pot, dope, grass, weed, Mary Jane, reefer, ganja, kaya, and doobie, an illegal drug, is a green or gray mixture of dried, shredded flowers and leaves of the hemp plant Cannabis sativa. It sens be eaten in c... ...ects timing, movements, and coordination. Also, according to a study conducted by Reitbrock and Harder, using pot can affect thinking and judgment, which can mean users may do things they wouldnt do with a clear head. This can mean unsafe sex or other risky behaviors.We can debate this issue all day long. I dont feel America is ready to legalize marijuana at this time. Give it some time and some extensive comprehensive studies, and then, maybe, just maybe there could be a place in the medical field for this herb, if it is administrated in a controlled environment.ResourcesAmerican Council for Drug Education164 West 74th StreetNew York, NY 10023National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence (NCADD)12 West 21st Street, seventh FloorNew York, NY 10010National Institute on Drug Abuse6001 Executive BlvdBethesda, Maryland 20892-9561.

Korean Investment

A Korean property development company, CoDA, is planning to increase the value of Swanseas SA1 docklands project by 80 million through investment. The money poured into the project would develop hold back Square, which overlooks the Prince of Wales Dock, with the creation of 406 apartments with shops. Moreover, this new development would add to the growth expected in the field of honor with 1,500 new jobs at a Jersey Marine distribution center established recently.It would take three years to build the 406 new apartments with shops on Harbour Square. The Korean investment is expected to create approximately 400 construction jobs, and lead to further growth with respect to the project. Indeed, this project is the biggest one in the scheme, turn of events old docklands into a modernized place to live and work. The total cost of the scheme is estimated at 400 million.CoDA, backed by UK and Korean banks as well(p) as investment funds, is expected to make a formal announcement about i ts plan early next week. The fact that the Korean firm chose Swansea ahead of many other potential sites in the UK has been explained by CoDAs chief executive, Hoshik Chi, thus The market in Swansea is dynamic and buoyant, and I have been most(prenominal) impressed by the city and the surrounding area.The Korean firm would seek planning permission for the 2.7-acre site soon. The development on this site would consist of tally structures, four to eight storeys high, offering reasonably priced housing and car parking, in addition to seven retail units. Developers are claiming that the new development would be as modernized as possible, featuring a communityheating system which would be fueled by zero emission wood pellets, in addition to a rain harvesting system.This eco-friendly development may very well be the biggest investment of a Korean company in the UK. What is more, the Korean investment is boundary to be highly profitable, seeing as Swanseas city center and its waterfron t are also in the process of being transformed through a 1 billion plan announced last week and the people of Wales continue to demand residential accommodation. Other Korean companies may also articulation CoDA in Swanseas development and modernization, especially since South Korea has relaxed its laws regulating the purchase of property in foreign countries.

Involvement of USA in Korean War Essay

Different from its involvement in the Vietnam War?In the 40s onwards USA got interested in Asian affairs. Taking into trace the fact that they were non defending themselves or any other American ally, they had to further extend territorial boundaries to fall on political-ideological edges. Indeed, they were defending its territory from enemies in a new scale the fear against the developing fabianism over the world. In these lines, Korea and Vietnam portrayed two international hotspots now foc physical exercised on Asia, as the stage at heart the fight of the two global powers USA and the Soviet matrimony. Anyways, were the circumstances by which USA faced socialism in both countries contrasting?First of all, the background in due south- eastern Asia determined in great scale American intervention in the area, since either country were occupied by other foreign powers while Korea was on a lower floor Japanese domination, Vietnam still remained part of the French empire ( by a nd by becoming member of the French Union).The first case of Korea was already been the stage of the war between democracy and communism. USA was quite anxious since the conflict that had already happened in Germany and the one that was going on in dud and Greece, both cases falling on a lower floor soviet beliefs.After the defeat of the Chinese Kuomintang in 1949, by communist Mao, American leaders began fearing that the rapid spread of the carcass around the world would be successful one more than time in Asia. Thus, USA decided to risk and try obtaining new territory that would pause them an ally in East Asia, which, in turn, would top it time to plan more attempts and new supremacy against communism. Thus, they fought against the Japanese settlement as an excuse to desolate the territory in the come across of democracy. However, the Soviet Union was also truly interested in the area for the same reasons a new ally and victory against capitalism.Anyways, the whole terri tory was firstly freed under the name of United Nations, towards democracy, for support free peoples who are resenting attempt subjugation. However both powers claimed their part very soon. Both powers set up a divisor line along the 38th parallel, where the North would be under Soviet aim and the South by American intervention. Then, although elections were held in South Korea (August 1938) supported by UN, Russia rejected to do so in the North. The South became the independent Re public of Korea and the North adopted the name of Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea, very much in the lines of Chinese system.The tension now remained very high at either sides of the line. Since the hot seat of North Korea by the time, Kin IL Sung might have been encouraged by the Chinese government and Russia with armed forces supplies to test USA President, Trumans determination, showing him that communism was the dominant power in Pacific Asia, also with the promise of spreading further very soon .At that stage, the domino theory was counterbalance in American minds. This concept applies to the idea that the fall of one state to a common system would lead inexorably to a series of the same. Therefore, if communism triumphed in China and Korea was already under its influence, the wave could have an unlimited repercussion in the entire area of South-East Asia. Thus, behind these ideas, American phalanx were ordered to Korea to withdraw North Koreans troops after their invasion in the south republic, together with forces from a nonher 14 countries all under the command of General McArthur.However, afterwards, South Korea was almost taken by North Korea troops but American troops regained control in the territory later and also two thirds of North Korea, in its advance northwards. With this movement, they eventually placed a fleet between Taiwan and China mainland. Thus, China now feared them to champion Chiang Kai-Shek troops from the island to come again and conquer the reg ion of Manchuria as the most important industrial and strategic area. This attempt, if successful, would cut off the problem of communism in Asia, since China would turn back to democracy and therefore either North Korea would remain isolated or without Chinese help, she would not be able to get going in the area for long.These reasons made the Chinese government dart a massive counter offensive in 1951 that captured South Korea capital again. Now McArthur was dismayed of Chinese power and thought that the best strategy to defeat communism in the area was lone(prenominal) possible with atomic bombs. With this new horizon within the fight, president Truman feared a large-scale war that would provoke a nuclear war, which USA did not ask. It pointed out the American limitations that would enclose them within the fight they feared communism because the nuclear power that could destroy them, but the only force capable to defeat it was their nuclear power, something that, however, th ey could not use since it would drag them into a fatal war.Thus, now, the only American possibility focused to settle in East Asia to contain communism there in January 1951 UN troops expelled the North Koreans troops from South Korea and fortify the frontier, until in July 1953, both countries firmed a peace agreement that stated the limit at the 38th parallel.After American impossibility for annexation of territories in East Asia, the new step had to be focused in the South, due to the independence of Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia from the French Union (Geneva Agreement, 1954). Then, Vietnam was temporarily divided into two countries, and analogously as Korea, the frontier was established at another parallel, in this case the 17th one. In 1956, elections were to be held in the whole country, but they never were and only in South Vietnam a referendum was held in 1955, which gave Ngo Dinh Diem as the president. He did not want to hold elections for the whole country and USA, with Eise nhower as the new president feared much more intensely the domino effect. Moreover, Diem was unable to rule the country, mainly because he was very unpopular among the peasants, which furthover, in the future encouraged unwilling towards American movement in the south and appetence for communism.At this stage the Vietcong (the guerrillas) in the south were receiving supplies, equipment and troops from North Vietnam. Ho Chi Minh, who was leader of the resistance against French Union and who wanted communism to rule the country, thought that giving aid to South Vietnam against Diem, national elections would not be held and to unify the countries forces would be necessary. Thus, the next American presidencies had to launch a very strong campaign to stop the communism wave in Vietnam-Kennedy (1961-3) tried to keep American involvement against the guerrilla, by sending advisors, military equipment and enclosing local peasants into fortified villages to isolate the Vietcong outside. Howe ver, this failed since most of the peasants were members of the Vietcong.-Johnson (1963-9) decided to bomb North Vietnam (1965), as he thought that Ho Chi Minh controlled straightway the Vietcong. He also sent half million troops in the south.However, due to the great pressure of American public against the war, since they saw the conflict as a total failure, Johnson stopped the bombing in March 1968, although he did not want to withdraw.-Nixon (1969-74) based his plan in the new concept of Vietnamization As public opinion did not consent to him to send more troops to Vietnam, he would use the ones that were already there to re-army the Vietnamese army keep their own defence. That would allow gradually American troops to withdraw. However, he began a new wave of bombing in the north, but this time including Cambodia and Laos, as they were receiving supplies and troops from North Vietnam. condescension all the measures and policies, at the end of 1972, the Vietcong controlled almos t the entire territory and several factors obligated the American intervention to happen upon the end. Eventually a ceasefire was agreed in January 1973. Then, American troops were withdrawn and in 1975 the Vietcong unified the whole country under a communism government by occupying Saigon, the capital of South Vietnam. in addition in Laos and Cambodia the system was established the same year.Taking all these explanations into account, I can state that there were slight differences between the American policies in both the Korean and the Vietnamese wars. The main reason was the potential force used in each one, and China played an important part. It applies to the fact that the attack against them was not as ruthless as in Vietnam, mainly due to Chinese power. While in Vietnam neither China nor Russia supported the army as directly as in Vietnam, in Korea China was directly involved since the problem was slighted related with the relationship between USA and Chiang Kai-Shek troops . For China, American troops recovered Manchuria, they would give back China mainland to them.Communist China was not willing to accept that, and USA knew that she was capable of fighting bravely to an extent that USA did not want to test, since the split of the Sino-Soviet agreement left China in an uncertain situation from the international point of view We do not want the fighting in Korea to expand into a general war. Therefore, American government did not risk indeed and the only price was to lose North Korea.Nevertheless, in Vietnam they could use a more violent system as they communist China was already established and did not fear USA any more. Moreover, the conflict was seen under UN eyes solely for the purpose of restoring the Republic to its status prior to the invasion. For international support, it was a fight towards the human rights, since North Korea under communism did not want to hold elections. However, UN never supported the war in Vietnam and the international v iew of the war and American methods to be victorious pressed the government to reach the end of the conflict.Therefore, differences between the both wars was mainly due to internal factors of each country, but especially the foreign intervention that encouraged or restrained American actions to act in one way or another.

Legal Aspects of Education

The secretary of education in the past William Bennett implemented thorough depth psychology of the issue concerning the reasons why present educations scheme is not successful for students, and the measures that could be taken to boost educational presentation and harbor the finances. He specified some(prenominal) un lawful associations which are worse in the US. It is contradictory to really productive education law. It places its own priorities, not the students on the first place. It has deplored so greatly astir(predicate) the profession of a teacher that it made numerous persons to refuse from the connecting their lives with teaching profession.According to Bennett, the too much legalization of learning system is restraining daring, inventive people who fate to hold the accountability and to acknowledge the result. I completely agree with Mr. Bennett that the law simply does not implement its real function. Instead of letting students feel more self-assured and protected i t really can prevent good and perspective educators from penetrating school system. Certainly separate individuals really must be outside from teaching however according to Bennett some of such restrictions will be unavoidably slipped around and this will not help to protect students.I suggest that modification-oriented teachers and socio- lawful researchers with sufficient information of learning principle and the function of regulation in communal restructure should consider both its empirical restrictions and speculative positive sides. I agree that the researches should and must actively participate in process of change and it is essential to know on time about the law actions that can protect students and teachers rights and finish the crisis in the system of education.

Frederick Jackson Turner’s `Frontier Essay

The Frontier is a Turner wrote is the outer wave of expansion, the meeting point between savagery and nicety. When battalion left come intled territory, when people went into often unexplored areas, the weight of society bore less heavily upon them. They went into areas where they had no settled established governments, no institutions like churches, courts of law, and the like. People, in a sense, left politeness behind. They had to find new ways of adjusting, new ways of peaceful coexistence at this meeting point between savage and civilization. This is the historical thought popularized by Frederick Jackson Turner which laid the foundation of modern American study of American West.According to him, The existence of an area of free land, its continuous recession, and the kindle of American settlement westward explain American development. He thought largely that the frontier experience had a lasting and permanent impact on American character and society. When American pionee rs escaped and left behind the settled institutions of society, a plunging into the forests, or later into the grasslands of the Great Plains, Turner thought this promoted productive individualism.When people entered areas without established social structures, each person was pretty much on a basis of equality with each other person. On this kind of set up people learn to develop civil and democratic ways of social cooperation. They have to learn how to peacefully co-exist amongst each other. This made Turner deduce that democracy sprang from this free land, and of free, self-reliant individuals moving out on to lands unknown learning the tricks and trade of how to get along with one another. So is this what Turner real meant by the word frontier? If you just take a first glance, he seemed to be spousing a kind of geographical determinism, an idea or a notion that free land bred free individuals that the geography itself and the way in which people reacted to that geography prod uced democratic equality and a democratic form of government.Settlers in a new geographical terrain learned to innovate and find ways. Where there were not adequate lakes or rivers, they dug wells. Where the grass land plains did not surrender for settled farming, they invented barbed wire to hedge in cattle, to hedge in sheep. These and other various learning experiences seem to be the result of human beings acting as innovators in response to geography. The land itself, Turner seemed to say, made human beings more self-reliant. And self-reliance is at the core of the American democratic experience, or so we have long told ourselves.But as I see it, geography might have something to do with it but not solely. The development of democracy and civilization is a far more a complicated process. I would say much of it would be social development itself. Turner might be chastise in identifying a sealed event in history at a specific location crucial social development occurred which propels modern civilization to where it is now but what I am saying is that it can happen anywhere in the world and not just in a certain specified area.ReferencesSchultz, Stanley K. and Tishler, William P., American History 102 (Civil War to Present). Copyright 2004 University of Wisconsin System Board of Regents pg 4. Retrieved February 3, 2007

A critical review of literature on the importance of social media in branding

1.0 IntroductionThe aim of this chapter is to provide a broad overview of both literature in mixer media and the intend look into. It offers a platform that would en suitable the lector read the need for this search and also provides a gist closely recent developments both in the industry and in research circles with respect to fond media branding. The rapid development of technology and the tinct of such technologies at affordable costs have revolutionized the way businesses operate. The World Wide Web and the Internet atomic number 18 being practised by millions of raft at once. These technologies have led to a paradigm shift in the way communication happens and most business repute and presence in a market is more driven by social media. (Tuten, 2008) It can also be noned that the shift and concentrate on social media has been drastic and many businesses were caught off-guard. However, the use of social media has created opportunities for online marketers to be able t o engage with customers that they wouldnt otherwise be able to using traditional methods. This reach though has posed many challenges to businesses that started looking at social media like other traditional media like magazine or television thus causation more gaps rather than bringing them closer to the customers (Qualman, 2012). On the contrary it can be said that more and more retailers and business be becoming progressively aw atomic number 18 of the social media and are waiting to exploit the potential that social merchandise offers (Olivas-lujan, 2013)1.1 BackgroundSpend on social media by the businesses are on the rise. Recent study by the IAB (Internet Advertising Bureau) shows that in the first half of 2014 in the UK alone, there has been a rise of 53% in the spend on social media by businesses with a total contribution of ?242.5 million (Somerville, 2014). Another study by IAB on FMGC sector consisting of more than 4500 survey responses and 800 interviews showed th at 90% of the customers would use social media to refer the brands to peers, 4 in 5 customers would buy products that have good social media coverage and 83% would be willing to try products that are popular in social media (Anon, 2013). Similarly, a research conducted by Mass Relevance that provides social media curation platform to clients found that 59% of the consumers will more presumable trust a brand that has presence in the social media and 64% of the consumers interviewed have already made purchases found on social media presence and reviews (Chaney, 2012). appurtenance 1 shows the social media advertising effects on consumers (Source Neilsen Survey Anon, 2012)1.2 MotivationFrom the above, it can be understood that social media has a profound stir on the consumers choice of brands and that it is key to engage effectively with customers. There is a lot of literature that discusses about the social media impact on consumers, why businesses should engage with customers, ex ploiting social media to provide value add etc. The main aim of this research is to look into several(a) key researches in this area and to provide a searing review on the literature. The critical review aims to see if The problems are identified clearly The literature provides a balanced view There are gaps in the literature1.3 Research ProcessThe success of the research is admittedly determined by measuring the extent to which each of the research objectives is met. The following steps are followed during this research to ensure its success. These steps are as follows Firstly, a background into the research and its motivations is given. Following this, the key literature in this area is soundly investigated. This is intended to ensure that all aspects of the research are identified and that the challenges or gaps in the current literature are clearly understood. Next, the literature is critically analysed to see if the problems are identified and if it provides a balanced view of the topic. It also looks into the research methodology to see if the methods used are consistent with the qualitative and quantitative methods and also checks for what has not been provided. Finally, this research concludes by providing a conclusion that is supported by evidence presented in the literature. It also makes recommendations where appropriate. In summary, this chapter has provided a brief overview of the research, addressed the key challenges or gaps in the literature and justified the need to conduct this research. This chapter has also set the background and motivations for the research in order to enable the reviewer to better understand the subsequent chapters. The central question for the research has addressed here, and the reader now also understands the problem statements that have led to this research.2.0 Literature ReviewThis research discusses about social media and its effect on branding and consumers. But what is social mediaThe term social media can be d efined as Many online tools that allow people with similar interests to share information, learn from others, or network in an open process. The information found on these sites is commonly referred to as user-generated content, which means anyone is able to post with minimal restrictions or oversight.(Wilson, 2010) Drury (2007) discusses how marketers of various businesses can effectively engage in social media marketing. The paper gives a fairly comprehensive view on what social media is and the role of marketing in social media. It discusses about how social media can be monetised by the marketers. The paper lists out opportunities that can be tapped for currencymaking(prenominal) benefits and also emphasises on the erratic marketing strategy and describes the success criteria for measuring success. The paper however has the following drawbacks It is very much general and has no qualitative or quantitative measures to define the success criteria. It gives a good overall pictu re but it would have been better if the context of the paper was more towards assessing the impact or the Return on Investment (ROI) of a specific sector or business. It lacks specific examples and also does not mention any strategy for capital punishment or even list challenges that organisations demo while implementing good strategies for social media marketing. Michaelidou et al (2011) in their research discuss about social media marketings impact on small and metier B2B brands. They discuss in detail the adaption of social media networking as a marketing platform to be able to accomplish the brand objectives and also the perceptions around the barriers of using social marketing networks. The research paper makes use of email surveys to understand the usage of social media by small and medium scale businesses that operate in the UK and the main drivers that motivate SMEs to adapt to the new channel of marketing. It clearly states the motivation of the research, giving approp riate background to the research and the method used for the research is depicted concisely. The research analyses the findings from the email survey and discusses the methods used for compend. It provides a broad range of information and also clearly identifies the shortcomings in the business implementation of social media networking practices. It discusses how these pitfalls can be overcome and provides details for further improvement areas and scope for additional research in the future. The drawbacks of the paper are Sample size The sample size of the survey could have been more and also various other methods for obtaining the review could have been used. This would have ensured that the B2B base was thoroughly covered. Focus The focus is on B2B businesses alone. It would have been interesting to see the results if the research was extended to B2C as well for small and medium scale enterprises. Some researches focus specifically on skills gap in digital marketing within specif ic industries. One such research concentrates on the communications industry (Royle and Laing, 2014). The research discusses the need for having the necessary skills in digital marketing arena and stresses on the growth and popularity of digital/social media marketing. The research explores the various gaps in the industry for digital marketing with a specific emphasis to communications sector and provides a best practice guide for the industry. It details the challenges that organisations face while implementing social media marketing and discusses the need to have evaluation criteria and metrics to critically analyse the success of social marketing strategies and campaigns within organisations. The paper talks about the key challenges that businesses face while trying to merge traditional marketing practices with that of social marketing. The rationale for the research is clearly mentioned and the literature review is comprehensive. The conceptual framework is clearly detailed an d the methodology used for developing the framework is precise. The research makes use of focus groups and interviews to be able to gauge the skill gap in the industry. The drawbacks of this research are Limited sample size The research could have used more samples to be able to analyse effectively the findings. Given that the research has already contract down by industry, it would have been good to necessitate a more detailed view of the industry and a larger sample would have facilitated this. A study by Harvard Business Review (Edelman, 2010) discusses how the internet and the social marketing has changed not only the way businesses operate but also how consumers choose their products. It takes the reader through the funnel metaphor which was earlier being used by marketers to understand how consumers choose their products and how this has moved to a more open-ended approach whereby consumers no longer follow a methodical approach of selecting products. It stresses how importa nt it is for brands to be able to connect with the consumers and studied the consumers decisions across five different industries namely automobiles, skincare, insurance, mobile telecommunications and electronics in three different continents. Based on the results of the study, it proposed a four-stage model that focuses on todays consumers using social media for advocating products and also purchasing based on the reviews and advocacy received. The research takes the reader through the entire customer journey and tells the businesses what it should not focus its energy and resources on. Providing statistical information about various surveys enables the businesses to identify the key areas that it should concentrate on to be able to build a good brand image online. Though the research is comprehensive it lacks in the following Framework It does not suggest what needs to be through with(p) and a framework for implementing those. The key focus is on what not to be done and it leaves it to the businesses to work on the best strategy. Sample size and analysis The research does not disclose the sample size or indicate clearly the analysis method used to come to the conclusion. This section worked on identifying key research in the literature and also provided a critical review of each of the researches identified.3.0 terminusThough there is a lot of literature on various aspects including but not limited to effects of social media on small and medium scale enterprises, identification of skill gaps in social media with specific emphasis to certain industries, general study on implementation challenges, perception of social media on businesses, barriers to adaptation of social media by businesses etc. it can be found that there is not much literature that specifically talks about a common framework for adapting to social media marketing along with the challenges that businesses might face and the evaluation criteria. Similarly while most of these researches make u se of one or more methods for data collection, it is not very comprehensive. There is a gap in the current literature in terms of data collected from a wide range of sources using a bigger sample set. Given that technology has enabled a higher reach to customers, it would be good to get a larger sample to be able to effectively analyse the results. In many cases, the limitations of the research scope could be worked on to be able to get more information on the above mentioned areas. In short, it can be said that the social media marketing and the research around it are yet to extend to the maturity level and there is a lot of scope for research that would aid businesses to effectively handle and manage social media marketing concerns and overcome challenges in a seamless and stress-free manner.4.0 ReferencesTuten, 2008 Advertising 2.0 genial Media Marketing in a Web 2.0 world, Greenwood publishing group. Qualman, 2012 Socialnomics How social media transforms the way we live and do business, John Wiley & Sons Livas-Lujan, 2013 Social Media in Strategic Marketing, Emerald Group publishing limited Somerville, 2014 18 Digital Marketing Trends you may not have heard about, The Fresh Egg communicate accessed at http//www.freshegg.co.uk/blog/18-digital-marketing-trends-for-2014 Anon, 2013 IAB Social Media Effectiveness Research, IAB UK accessed at http//www.iabuk.net/research/library/iab-social-media-effectiveness-research Chaney, 2012 Brands should use social media to engage consumers, amplify messages and promote trust, Digital intelligence today accessed at http//digitalintelligencetoday.com/brands-should-use-social-media-to-engage-consumers-amplify-messages-and-promote-trust-survey-says/ Anon, 2012 State of the Media, The social media report, Neilsen Wilson, 2010 Social Media and Small Business Marketing, University Business Printing and press, USA Drury, 2007 Opinion Piece Social Media Should marketers engage and how can it be done effectively?, Journal of Di rect, Data and Digital Marketing Practice Michaelidou et al, 2011 Usage, Barriers and measurement of social media marketing An exploratory investigation of small and medium B2B brands, Elsevier Royle and Liang, 2014 The digital marketing skills gap Developing a digital marketer model for communication industries, Elsevier Edelman, 2010 Branding in the digital age Youre spending your money in all the wrong places, Harvard Business Review

Scheduling, Resources, and Budgeting

The aspect of addressing multi proletariat is indeed complicated due to the numerous chores and concerns that be associated in the general assignment. Among these complex tasks and concerns are the resources and materials needs, the time available for the multi frame, the jobs necessary for the completion of the project, and the processes involved in each respective task involved. For the effective management of these critical procedures and concerns, it is crucial to have a systematic plan, which involves a schedule and a reliable budget.The development of schedule organizes the time involved and the complex procedures of the project while the budgeting concern addresses the critical resources strategic for the project completion. Indeed, through having a project plan, the complex nature of multiproject buns be properly addressed thus, achieving the desired result for the project. For the concern of the management of the resources in the project plan, budgeting and scheduling t his element is necessary for the continuous operation towards the completion of the project tasks.In this aspect, the organizer must familiarize him or herself regarding the resources needed, their main course towards acquiring these, and most importantly their availability. Based on these factors, the resources must be properly scheduled to the general project plan thus, developing the connection between the task involved in the project and the resources needed for these procedures.Naturally, numerous problems are likely to arise regarding the resource access and allocation in the procedural operation for multiproject much(prenominal) as the inavailability some of the resources, the delayed arrival of it, insufficient acquisition, unbalanced distribution, and others. To address these problems, it is important to schedule resources highlighting the amount, availability, and the period of access of the resources needed for the project. Another important concern in resource schedule is relating them to the general project plan particularly on the organization of the procedural tasks and process steps.This is critically necessary as the resources or materials are critically important for the procedural tasks wherein the latter cannot be done with the necessary materials for it. As such, the organizer of the plan must plan the access and availability of the resources taking advantage of their abundance and resorting to other channels to alleviate shortage and inavailability. Planning ahead of these negative consequences and the period when the materials are needed can ensure the continuous establishment of the project process towards its completion.On the other hand, another critical element in the project plan is the locomote agitate required for the completion of the process tasks of the multiproject. Having the resource on time is important yet, these must still be converted to what the multiproject requires through working on it. Naturally, project work req uires the elements of time and manpower thus, are essential to the completion of the project. Often, these elements also become the primary hindrances in the project completion such as the inavailability of work force, the depletion of the time allowed for the project due to the complexity of each tasks.As such, outsourcing project work is indeed practical and likewise important for the successful completion of the multiproject. Outsourcing project work can be manifested in different forms depending on the nature of the external contribution and the tasks involved. Project organizer can resort to buying already made materials that tailors to the need of the project tasks thus, minimal processing is needed allowing more time for the other procedures. Outsourcing project work can likewise come in the form of having additional people to work in the project tasks to hasten its processing over its complexity.Another is utilizing the benefits offered by the sources and producers of the ma terials such as their delivery, their custom parts, supererogatory requests on the products and others. All of which are indeed beneficial to the project plan as each significantly contribution towards the completion of the multiproject. Indeed, outsourcing project work is two practical and beneficial to the project as this approach saves time, gives additional work force for the project tasks, and negates the adversity of complex procedures thus, it must also be considered and collective in the general project plan.BibliographyChapman, James R. (1997). The Project Management Triangle. Principle Based Project Management. http//www.hyperthot.com/pm_prin2.htm. March 2, 2008.Howarth, Stanley M. (1999). A Guide to Project Management. T N Publication. ISBN-10 0966905407.

And Do You Locke, Take Thee Hughes? Essay

In a comparison of the probes The impudent negro by Alain Locke and The lightlessness Artist and the racial Mountain by Langston Hughes, at that place exists twain similarities and differences. But, what are most striking are the differences between the two, curiously in scathe of purpose, tone, and audience. Locke and Hughes wrote their essays during the heart of the Harlem Renaissance 1925 and 1926, respectively. Both men were writing from that vantage point, and with a look set firmly on bettering the conditions of those they held in common the pitch ingloriousness. But these similarities are, in a sense, superficial. After all, there were many another(prenominal) writers in that era any era really both Black and White, who felt a moral imperative to right the racial wrongs of their time to wring justice from the cloth of unwarranted suffering.The differences between Locke and Hughes, however, serve as a model one that illustrates a chasm between the ideas and opini ons of that era in terms of how to better their people, as well as why their condition is such that it needs tending. In The New Negro, Locke is saying that the so-called New Negro is already here in fact, has been here for some time. And, by extension, hes arguing for the integration even assimilation of Blacks into the larger pool that is America. This sentiment is verbalised rather poignantly when he says, The fiction is that the life of the races is separate, and increasingly so. The fact is that they have touched as well as closely at the unfavorable and too lightly at the favorable levels. (20) And it is further strengthened when he says, We realize that we cannot be undone without Americas undoing.(22) That statement tone downs equally true if one were to set up it to read, America cannot be undone without our undoing. Locke has, whether happily or not, acknowledged that the Negro race for better or for worse, and until death do they part is indeed married to Americ a. Thus, he is advocating for integration as a intend of survival as much as a means of advancement. Hughes, on the other hand, seems to champion the coif of racial distinction insofar as the Negro should be proud to be a Negro. This trust is laid bare when he says, But, to my mind, it is the duty of the younger Negro artist to change through the unforgivingmail of his art that old whispering I necessity to be White, to Why should I want to be color? I am a Negro and beautiful.(28) Perhaps Hughes, too, would acknowledge a state of conjugal union between the Negro race and America. But where he seems to diverge from Locke is in his almost visceral protagonism for the spouses maintenance of their own identities within that marriage. With Locke, although he doesnt use the metaphor racial mountain in his essay, it is apparent that such an impediment exists. His path forward whether to the top of that mountain or around it lies in fostering meaningful relationships between the elites of both major races. This is expressed when he says, more immediate desire rests in the revaluation by white and melanize alike of the Negro in terms of his artistic endowments and cultural contributions, past and prospective.(24) And, more eloquently when he says, He now becomes a conscious endorser and lays aside the status of a beneficiary and ward for that of a collaborator and participant in American civilization. (24) Returning to the marriage analogy, these sentiments politely convey a sense of frustration, perhaps not unlike what many married women in that time period felt a sense of, Im not feckless or helpless, and I neednt be a ward or beneficiary Im sturdy and bright and equal to any task thats laid before me I just need the space and resource to prove it For Hughes, conquering the mountain is to be accomplished employ a tack different from that of Locke. In Hughess world, victory for the Negro hinges on a case-hardened dissociation from the white race not to showcase or inflame racial differences, but to play up the unique, distinct, and high-minded attributes of his own race.In other words, the Negro should be proud of his culture and his race the Negro is a corollary to, and a parallel of, the American body, and not merely one ingredient in a larger amalgam. As a stepping stone to accomplishing this, Hughes argues that the fabrication of the racial mountain is due largely to the misguided deeds of his own people the middle-class Negro in particular. This stance is taken from the outset of his essay when chides the young Negro poet for having said, I want to be a poet not a Negro poet. (25) To Hughes, such a sentiment is equivalent to wanting to be white.He goes on to say, The road for the serious sear artist, then, who would produce a racial art is most certainly rocky and the mountain is high. (27) If one operates nether the assumption that Hughes makes his case, then it can logically be said that wanting to be white is tanta mount to denial both of who we are and where weve been. And thats the rub how can an artist be true to him or herself if they dont even know who they are? And worse, how can they ever hope to elevate their mooring as a people if, by attempting to do so, they give up their very identity by hewing to the strictures of the White world? Let us not forget, An artist must be free to need what he does, certainly, but he must also never be afraid to do what he must choose. (29)In terms of their respective tones, there are marked differences between Locke and Hughes. While both are persuasive in nature, Lockes tone comes across as somehow intimate, and yet pretty matter-of-fact. Whether backed by hard truths or not, he lays out his case in such a manner. He also comes across as subtly even w outgrowthly patronizing a confidant or cohort whos merely guiding his readers to the truth. This can be seen when he says, But speckle the minds of most of us and Recall how suddenly the Negro spir ituals revealed themselves His tone is like a proverbial arm around the shoulder and an invitation to the obvious. Hughes on the other hand is more visceral, coming across as chiding, cajoling, and cynical.Whether warranted or a fabrication of his own mind, he bursts from the gates with a thesis statement that doubles as a heavy accusation that in wanting to be a poet, and not a Negro poet, the young man actually meant that he wanted to be white. And he leaves no room for preaching on the matter in his mind, it is settled. He continues with this tone when he describes what he believes is a fairly regular home of the colored middle class. (25) And this belief as far as any evidence offered in his essay is predicated on no more than this one young Negro poet. He goes on to frisson that the word white comes to be unconsciously a symbol of all virtues. It holds for the children beauty, morality, and money.The whisper of I want to be white runs silently through their minds. (25) Lo cke and Hughes are also appealing at least in part to different audiences. Locke, while certainly writing to the Black community at large, is deliberate in his inclusion of Whites. This inclusion, in fact, is necessary for his argument to work his argument for integration. He even addresses those who are doubtlessly white in the beginning of his essay when he says, The Sociologist, the Philanthropist (17) And he leaves no doubt as to white inclusion in his audience when he says, But while the minds of most of us, black and white (17)Hughess appeal is to the Black community at large too. But it is aimed more at the black elites, the black artists, and the black middle class far more than it is at whites. This is apparent when he cajoles the black artist by saying, it is the duty of the younger Negro artist (28) And it is clear when he condemns the prominent Negro clubwoman for paying eleven dollars to see a white singer while dismissing a great black artist as that woman. (27) Rega rdless of the differences in style purpose, tone, and audience both of these essays have merit and hold power in their respective goals, which, for the most part are one in the same to break the Negros standing within the American marriage.Works CitedLocke, Alain. The New Negro. Course Reader, English 1B. Ed. Kelly Vogel. steady down 2012. Print. Hughes, Langston. The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain. Course Reader, English 1B. Ed. Kelly Vogel. Fall 2012. Print.

Chrétien De Troyes †Perceval Essay

Chretien De Troyes Arthurian Romances be one of the best and well-nigh brilliant flora of chivalrous literature. Origin altogethery, in Old French, modern-day translations are widely available. In fact, even today, years later, they strain to be an invaluable asset to two(prenominal) literature and human hi tommyrot. Chretien De Troyes works include four complete poems Erec et Enide, Cliges, Yvain and Lancelot, and the fifth, last, unfinished one c eached Perceval, le Conte du Graal (Perceval, the story of the Grail). Erec is the tale of one of Arthurs knights, who after several trials finally understands his loved for his betrothed, Enide 3.Several other Arthurian knights including Kay, Lancelot and Gawain too are mentioned in the text. The court of Arthur is filled with magnificent things and people, led by the fabulous Arthur himself. The knights tag games of chance and test of strength when theyre not doing that, theyre wooing women 3. The next dawdle, Cliges too uses Arthurs magnificent court as its backdrop 3. Both Cliges and Yvain take hold love triangles and post. Lancelot, though is almost all ab step up a hero rescuing his lover, the beautiful Guinevere 3. And lastly, Chretiens unfinished piece Perceval, and the Holy Grail.Before analyse the text of the work, it is grave to understand the time it was written in. Little is known about Troyes life, entirely most believe he lived mostwhere in the 1100s. It is also known that he was in close necktie with his patroness Countess Marie de Champagne. This time has a great influence on the subjects and stories of his work, and other works of Arthurian Literature. The ordinal and twelfth centuries were a time of renaisance in Europe. Europe had been gripped in the Dark Ages for years, only when this is when barbarism was slow rooted out, to be replaced by missionaries and churches.Social activites too took a new turn. Several universities and centres were set up. In fact, towns were plann ed, with proper structure and organization. Culture also took a newe dimension altogether. This is when Arthurian literautre was born. With the concept of fortresss and romances, chivalry and battle, statuesque love, stories were dramatized and preserved written in the form of poems or essays. This is exactly why Arthurian literature deals with princes, knights, castles, adventure and battle. Similarly, Troyes work too reflects much of the world of the renaissance.Perceval is believed to be the first account of the Holy Grail but Troyes died before completing the masterpiece. In quest for a complete poem, some attempted to write an determination to it. Of these, four translations are widely known, and accepted. The first continuation is called the Pseudo-Wauchier Continuation, the second is attributed to Wauchier de Danain, the third by Gerbert, and the fourth is Manessiers continuation, the only one with a true ending.But despite the efforts to write continuations, the first incomplete version in itself has its own charm, aura, and obscureness. Perceval is the Grail knight or one of the Grail knights in numerous chivalric and modern stories of the Grail quest 2. Perceval is a bright and spirited young man brought up in the woods, by his mother. His mother raises him in the forest of Wales, away from civilization to protect him from the horrors of war and battle. One day, Perceval sees some knights in the woods. It is here that his interest in chilvalry and knighthood is agitated. His mother objects vehemently, fearing to lose him standardized her other sons, but Perceval insists, and heads out for King Arthurs court.The Holy Grail was the most sought after treasure. In fact, all of Arthurs knights were in quest of it. At Arthurs court, the mights senschal (steward) Sir Kay mocks him. A jester at the castle prophecizes that Perceval will be a great knight. Perceval rides away, and comes across another castle, where he decides to stay. Here he is e ducate under Gornemant. Gournemant teaches Perceval all the tactics and strategies of combat, and later, advises him not to be impolite or ask too some(prenominal) questions anywhere. Now Perceval leaves, looking for his mother.On his journey, he comes across yet another castle, where he meets and falls in love with the beautiful Blancheflor. Blancheflor is Gornemants niece, and her followers are weakened by hunger and famine. She tells Perceval of the intentions of Anguingueron, the seneschal of the barbarous knight Cla dou of the Isles. He intends to attack them. Perceval, touched, commits himself to Blacheflor, and promises to help her. Perceval trouncings Anguingueron and his men the next day. Clamadeu waits, hoping that eventually starvation would kill Blanchflor and her men, but luckily, a ship full of food arrives. reddentually, Clamadeu is forced to battle over against Perceval he begs for mercy after Perceval defeats him. Perceval sends both Anguingueron and Clamadeu to Arthurs court. At the court, Arthur and his wife learn of Percevals heroism and courage in battle. But Perceval has to continue on his journey. He has to find his mother. At a river, he comes across the Fisher King, who offers him lodging for a night. In the castle, Perceval sees the fisherman lying there already. Perceval witnesses a strange procession, in which odd and peculiar things are being carried from one chamber to another.A gallant enters carrying a sword with engraved blade, another squire enters carrying a white lance on whose tip blood oozed and flowed down onto the squires hand. Perceval refrains from ask about this lance, recalling Gornemants admonishment. More squires bring in candelabras. A maiden brings in a grail held in both hands for Chretien, it is a serving dish, and the room becomes brightly illuminated presumably because of the contents of the grail. some other brings in a silver carving phonograph recording. The grail is made of gold and set with precio us stones-it and the platter are carried to another chamber.Perceval fails to ask who is being served by the grail. They dine at an ivory table. The grail returns borne in the opposite direction. Later that night, the Fisher King excuses himself and has to be carried off to his bedroom, and Perceval again fails to ask what ails him. The next morning, Perceval discovers that the residence is deserted and everyone has left 1. Outside the castle, he comes across a maiden. She tells him that had he asked about the grail, or the platter, it would have brought the king great relief, and may even have cured him.She also informs him that his mother is dead. Later that day, Perceval is warned against the authoritarian knight of the Heath. But he challenges him, and defeats him. The haughty knight and his maiden set out for Arthurs court. On their way, they come across King Arthur and his men, who are ironically looking for Perceval. But the king does not make do Perceval by face. He rel eases the haughty knight from imprisonment, and hands him over to his nephew Gawain. Later, Perceval too is wandering around Arthurs camp.Arthurs men find him asleep on a horse, but Perceval soon defeats them, including the arrogant Kay. The king asks Gawain to deal with the fiery Perceval, and not through combat. They soon become friends. But now Perceval is consumed by curiosity. He wants to know who was served by the grail and the silver platter, and why the lance bled. Here Chretien relates the tale of Gawain. Later, he continues with Percevals story. He has been wandering for years. He goes to see a hermit, and tells him of his wandering, and the grail.The hermit reminds him of how his mother died of sorrow, and that he was being made to repent her death. The hermit believes that the man served by the grail is Percevals uncle. Perceval agrees to repent for his sins. Gawains tale again picks up from hereon. Gawains story is in contrast to that of Perceval. Gawain is more profess ional, and less naive in battle. He also finds his long lost mother and grandmother, and his sister, about whom he had never known. The narrative breaks off shortly. Even though the story ends abruptly, one does arrive to the conclusion that Perceval is indeed, a good knight.Literally speaking, he has all the valous and heroism of a great warrior and an honorable knight. He is brilliant in battle, being able to defeat the best of warriors, fighting everyone and anyone who challenges him. But apart from the literal sense, Perceval continues to be one of the most famous and mysterious knights in medieval literature. The most important fact behind this is that many can, till today, relate to him. throughout the text, we see him as confident and brave, but never evil. In a deeper, emtional sense, Perceval is not just a good knight. He is a good man.Many critics believe that Perceval, apart from being an Arthurian romance is also one of the earliest works on spirituality, and what we cal l existentialism. This is clearly evident from the ending of the original text. Perceval commits himself to spending a life similar to that of the hermit, in search of spirtual enlightenment and communion with God. Chretiens publications and works are very popular. In fact, that can be estimated by looking at the be of languages his works have been translated into. In fact, it is not just the translations. Chretiens works also provided inspiration and ideas to many fine works of literature.Chretiens story was also the inspiration for one of the greatest romances of the Middle Ages, due west von Eschenbachs Parzival (c. 1200-1210) 4. Chretien has also been called the creator of the modern novel, and is believed to have reinvented the lost music genre of narrative romance. Many of his works seem theatrical, as if they are meant to be performed on stage, rather than being read on paper. Perceval, like other works of Arthurian romances has the strong element of romance, drama and t ragedy. Arthurian romances though were heavily interdependent on one common theme of battle.No Arthurian romance was complete without battle or warfare. The spirit and art of war, honor, courage, manhood, combat and duels were all cardinal to the stories. The male protagonists were brave men of honor. Another important aspect was the romance. All these themes of blended together created one of the most cherished style of literature called medieval literature. Even though Arthurian romance and literature was famous with the works of Geoffrey of Monmouth and the Lais of Marie de France, but it was the work of Chretein De Troyes that brought the genre back into full swing.Medieval literature did suffer a setback, and was in the background for a huge time, but was revived again especially after Lord Tennysons poem Idylls of the King. These adventurous stories have formed the basis of innumerable books and movies. The reason again, remains that even centuries later, they continue to arouse our interest. We can still relate to the heroic characters, their strengths, their weaknesses and the general human condition, which has remain unchanged through centuries.

Bhopal Disaster

The darkness of 3rd December attach an industrial catastrophe when more than 40 tons of methyl isocyanate gas leaked from a pesticide seed in Bhopal, India that instantly take to the death of approximately 3,800 people and ca utilise permanent injuries for thousands more. The company involved shamelessly tried to rescind its legal responsibility. Nonetheless, a sum of $470 million was paid as compensation, a considerably small enumerate in comparison to the dissemble from the consequences of this cataclysm.The aftermath of the calamity indicated the need for international standards for environmental preventive and check strategies to sustain from similar accidents. India has experienced rapid industrialization since the disaster. Despite some positive changes to government policies and manner in some(prenominal) industries, rapid and poorly regulated industrial growth clam up remains exposing India to a major threat. Degrading of environmental practices with adverse co nsequences to human health continues to occur through turn verboten India. 2. IntroductionThe Bhopal disaster, as well as know as the Bhopal gas tragedy was an industrial disaster that took lieu at the fusion Carbide pesticide go down in the Indian city of Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh releasing tons of toxic chemics and gases. This report is carried out with the objective of obtaining fitted experience of the entire tragedy that took shoot for and providing a detai lead substantive summary of the happening. Firstly, objectives and the focus structure of the federation Carbide are discussed in this report to gain an overview of the company involved and its practices.Subsequently, an observation is done with regards to the industrial processes and trading operations of the shew to understand the on goings of the fructify. The critical area of this report summarizes the key risks and contributing factors that ultimately led to the accident which provides an insight of the fla ws in the plant. The consequences of the aftermath are thusly identified to provide an overview of the negative impact resulting from the disaster followed by a brief discussion on the improvements that should be done in the management governances to pr pointt similar accidents from happening in the near future. 3.Objective and Structure of the focusing The Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL), a chemical milling machinery which formed its establishment in 1969 near Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh in India and was owned by Union Carbide Corporation (UCC) and the Indian authorities. Pesticides such as carbaryl was produced in this plant and in 1979, a new step-up was do whereby the methyl isocyanate (MIC) plant was introduced to the site. Prior to 1979, the methyl isocyanate was imported from its parent company in the unify States and India was one of the three dozen countries whereby the parent company had affiliates and business interest.It was stated that the UCC had done extensive look on the chemical and had sufficient knowledge on handling the chemical. Methyl Isocyanate, one of the many intermediates utilize in pesticides is known to be a very godforsaken chemical which weighs much lighter than water system but twice the weight of air. In the event that the gas escapes to the atmosphere, it will remain close to terra firma and this highly sensitive chemical can react with many substances which could cause serious damage.UCIL was proud to commemorate its 50th anniversary in 1984 and was making sales of approximately $200 million annually whereby 14 plants were cosmos operated and it was segregated into 5 operating divisions making it a diversified manufacturing concern. The shares were publicly traded on the stocktaking Exchange 24% of these shares were owned by government run insurance companies whilst 50. 9% of the shares were owned by UCC as part of a corporate global business strategy. http//www. wikipedia. org/bhopaldisaster Due to its centraliz ed location in India which gave it a competitive edge, Bhopal was chosen as the site for the UCILs plant.Transporting products were eased by the existence of railroad line systems that spanned around the country which evidently brought to extensive personify savings. set aheadmore, the location of the plant cosmos situated nearby a expectant lake guaranteed sufficient water supple for the chemical processes. Electricity needs were also visible(prenominal) in Bhopal to supply enough electricity to the plant that enabled the plant to operate 24 hours. The origin on the Bhopal plant was to supply pesticide in format to protect the Indian agricultural ware.These pesticides were made to cater to the Indian market and to gain the ability to transform its agricultural sector into a modern activity. No doubtfulness the benefits, the plant also had its perks. India is still nonetheless a developing country which at current still lacks the infrastructure necessary to support this che mical plant. Nevertheless, companies invested in the plant failing to realize the flaws in the infrastructure. The impracticality of the plants management brought the creation of a low cost plant with minimal preventive features. UCIL also had weak policies, procedures and regulations for their workers.The managements goals and missions were set beyond the plants capability and this is said to be one of the main causes of the tragedy. 4. Industrial Processes and Operation Union Carbide is a known plant that produces the pesticide plant in the Indian City of Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh for agriculture purposes in India. Using MIC as an intermediate, an alternative trademark brand be for carbaryl is also known as Sevin. Until 1979, MIC was imported from the United States of America. Bayer, an separate known manufacturer successfully produced carbaryl without using MIC which evidently led to a greater manufacturing cost.Methyl isocyanate (MIC) is an organic compound that consists of molec ules and in 1888, it was discovered as an ester of isocyanic acid. The product of carbate pesticides such as carbaryl, carbofuran, methomyl and aldicarb is an intermediate chemical of Methyl isocyanate. These pesticides were also being used in the production of rubber and adhesives. Methyl isocyanate is a very baseless chemical which can lead to chronic diseases and death. The chemical process or route that was used in Bhopal plant was to form a reaction among the methylamine with phosgene which could bring to the production of methyl isocyanate.Subsequently, this methyl isocyanate was then reacted with 1 naphthol to form the end product. This route varies from the MIC gratuitous route used elsewhere in which the similar raw materials are used but in a antithetical manufacturing order. This process would begin by forming a reaction between the phosgene and naphtol to produce chloroformate ester which would then be reacter with methyl amine. Either one of these processes would require the chemicals to be stored in large armoured combat vehicles. In the usable side, the plant workers were encouraged to use English manuals, even though only a minority of them had a grasp of the language.Only six of the original twelve operators remained in service with MIC by 1984. There were no force-out to take on the position of a maintenance supervisor to be placed on the night duty and furthermore, instrument readings were only taken every two hours which differs from the normal practice. Through a union, workers made a strike and complained about these difficulties but no attention was given to them. http//www. wikipedia. org/bhopaldisaster The infrigidation system was radiation diagramed to inhibit the volatilization of MIC whereby based on the manuals, it was advised that the MIC should be kept at 20 degrees.However, since May 1984 this refrigeration system had been shut down in Bhopal. Current practice shows that the methyl isocyanate should be kept on a lower floor 5C and should be checked on all the period. Steam boilers were also used for the purposes of cleaning the pipes. 5. Risks that Lead to the solidus Bhopal gas disaster was an industrial tragedy that took place at a Union Carbide pesticide plant in the city of Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh. At midnight on 3rd December 1984, it was reported that the plant had accidently released Methyl isocyanate gas and this mishap was exposed to more than 500,000 people.Official death toll announced by the government of Madhya Pradesh confirmed that a natural of 3,787 deaths were the result of this gas tragedy. Factors leading to this tremendous gas leak include the use of hazardous chemicals such as MIC kinda of a less dangerous but more expensive chemical. It was also famed that the flare tower and the vent gas scrubber had been dysfunctional for the past 5 months before the disaster took place. This eventually led to the gas scrubber not performing its function to treat the escaping gases wit h sodium hydroxide that subsequently brought the concentration down to a safe aim.Investigations in the aftermath of the disaster pointed out that even if the scrubber was in a good working condition, the disaster would not have been prevailed as the uttermost pressure it could handle was only one-quarter of that which was present in the mishap. Improper human bodying of the flare tower itself contributed to the tragedy as the tower could only support one-quarter of the volume of gas that was leaked in 1984. Since the cease of production in the early 1980s, the maintenance of the plant has continuously deteriorated up to an intolerable limit which resulted in the failure of some(prenominal) safety systems.The steam boiler which existed to clean the pipes was out of service for reasons which are unknown. Furthermore, the omission of the slip blur plates installation has played its role in causing this disaster. This omission had incidentally led to a large amount water from the pipe cleanings to leak into the MIC tanks through faulty valves leading the temperature to rise to a level whereby the tank was not designed to support that subsequently resulted in a large amount of toxic gases to be released..The MIC tank itself has been malfunctioned for roughly a week which caused other tanks to be used in that week. alternatively of taking corrective action and repairing the dysfunctional tank, it was just left-hand(a) to stew. Overall to conclude, the build up in temperature and pressure was strongly believed to be the cause in the magnitude of the toxic gas released. stinting conditions also played its part in contributing to this mishap. It was said that the leaking of the large amount of water into the MIC tank was also due to bad maintenance and leaking valves.The pipes were not repaired as it was believed to be very costly and time consuming. Safety systems including the MIC tank refrigeration systems were also shut down to in order to bring cost savings and it is of the opinion that the MIC refrigeration system alone would have prevented the tragedy from happening. http//www. wisegeek. com/what-was-the-bhopal-disaster. htm Material corroding that took place in the pipelines was also the contributing factor to this disaster. Carbon steel valves that were being used in the factory would corrode when exposed to acid.Based on investigations, a leaking of carbon steel valves was found on the night of the disaster. Overall, several factors led to this industrial disaster viz. caused by poor maintenance and regulations. 6. Consequences of the effect of the accident The Bhopal disaster can be said to be one of the worlds worst catastrophe that took place at the Union Carbide pesticide plant in the city of Bhopal, India. On 3rd December 1984, the plant released MIC and other toxic gases exposing more than 500,000 people.The city of Bhopal was surrounded with a mixture of poisonous gases causing great little terror as people woke up with burning sensations in their lungs. Based on the government of Madhya Pradesh, the effect of the hazardous gas had caused 3,787 confirmed deaths and leaving many trampled in panic. Other sources estimated that around 8,000 people died inside the close 72 hours from gas related diseases and roughly 100,000 200,000 people are estimated to have permanent injuries at different degrees. http//www1. american. edu/ted/bhopal. htmMass funerals and cremations were taking place as well as disposal of bodies in the Namada River. The health care system became tremendously overloaded as approximately 170,000 people required treatments at hospitals and temporary dispensaries. Authorities had marked 36 wards as being gas affected. Acute symptoms from the gases are burning in the respiratory tract, eyes, breathlessness, vomiting and choking which ultimately led to death. Humans were not the only ones affected from this terrible tragedy. nigh 2,000 buffaloes, goats and other animals carcasses were collected and buried.The effect on trees could be seen nowadays as the leaves yellowed and fell of within a few days. Food supplies became scarce due to the fear being felt by suppliers. Further shortages were also caused once fishing activities was prohibited. http//www. bhopal. com/pdfs/browning. pdf Overall, this mishap has brought fear and has frightened many people as the Bhopal city was turned into a toxic city. A settlement was finally concluded in 1989, whereby UCC agreed to invent the Indian government a sum of $470 million in full and final settlement of its well-mannered liability. After the lap f 25 years, 390 tons of toxic chemicals were left neglected at the plant which continued to pollute the ground water which affected thousands of residents who relied on it. 7. Improvements to prevent the accident Substantive investigations pointed out that the main reason which escalated this disaster is due to the managements intention on reducing their expenses. The design o f the plant had been modified by the Indian engineers in order to bring cost savings. This practice should be improvised and the plant should be designed thoroughly and properly to support the volume of production and the geek of chemical produced.A contributing factor to the tragedy was weak management practices that should be made more stringent. A proactive policy should be adopted whereby dysfunctional items and parts of the plant should be fixed immediately instead of prolonging the situation despite it being costly and time consuming. Strict maintenance should be carried out on a routine basis and the MIC tanks should be continuously monitored to ensure that all processes are even-tempered going. Rules and regulations set for the plant should be adhered and complied to prevent any setbacks. ttp//www. wisegeek. com/what-was-the-bhopal-disaster. htm As the plants production involves a hazardous chemical, more experienced workers in dealing with such reactive chemicals should b e hired instead on centre on low labor cost. Trainings should be provided continuously to improve their expertise. Furthermore, extensive research and studies on how to handle chemicals of this sort should be carried out prior to any processes to ensure that the staff has sufficient knowledge on what to do and what to expect.Despite sufficient trainings and research, mishaps can occur any at given time. avocation that, it is always best to have a detailed contingency and back up plans in order to contain any rotten situation. A good practice is always to expect the unexpected in order to be ready for mishaps. This tragedy has affected the lives of many in the Bhopal city. It is recommended that such factories as this plant should not be located in residential areas and best located in the outskirts to prevent residents being exposed to toxic gases.Ultimately, this disaster would have been prevailed with good management practices, abiding to rules and regulations set and also focus ing on safety systems instead of cost savings. http//www1. american. edu/ted/bhopal. htm * 8. Conclusion * The Bhopal gas disaster marked one of the most tragic accidents in the world. The pesticide plant in Bhopal, India was managed by UCIL, a subsidiary of the UCC, had begun the production of a hazardous chemical, methyl isocyanate in 1979. The findings from this research pointed out that UCIL had weak policies and regulations and was prioritizing more on cost savings at the expense of the plants safety. The operational side of the plant was suffering from lack of staff namely there was no maintenance supervisor responsible to monitor the MIC tanks. Furthermore, critical parts of the plants were being left unattended when it was dysfunctional due to it being costly and time consuming to repair. Safety systems of the plant were being comprised in order to reduce expenses. * * To conclude, the main improvement to be done is to emphasize on the plants design to support the volume and type of production.Stringent policies and regulations should be set and adhered to in order to prevent similar accidents. Management should divert from a cost savings mindset and priorities more on the plants safety systems. * Despite being 25 years since the incident, tons of toxic chemicals were still abandoned at the plant and continued to pollute the ground water that affected thousands of residents. Overall, this disaster has brought awareness that international standards for environmental safety should be enforced to prevent similar mishaps. .References 1. Bhopal disaster,online,retrieved 15 November 2009 from http//www. wikipedia. org/bhopaldisaster 2. Bhopal disaster, online, retrieved 15 November 2009 from http//www1. american. edu/ted/bhopal. htm 3. Jackson B. Browning 1993, Health, Safety and environmental Programs Union Carbide Corporation, online, retrieved 16 November 2009 from http//www. bhopal. com/pdfs/browning. pdf 4. What was the Bhopal disaster, online, retrieve d 18 November 2009 from http//www. wisegeek. com/what-was-the-bhopal-disaster. htm

Feature Article: Drug Abuse by UK Youngsters Essay

breakthrough of the unknown and trying new things are the themes of the manners of teenagers to young adults who feel the need to extend their boundaries in order to obtain a more fulfilling life. This is true for the case of British youngsters who gestate been discovered to be indulging in the abusive usage of medicines (Hickley, 2006).Reports from the Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs, a British organisation sector, have shown that a great scale of British youngsters seem to be unaware of the effects of drug abuse on their life on a longitudinal perspective that they tend to overuse these harmful chemicals for self-gratifying purposes (Hickley, 2006). In fact, about 20 to 25% of the total teen-age and young adult population of Britain is found to have used illegal drugs (Hickley, 2006).Youngsters are seen partying in clubs, drinking until dawn, participating in group riots, and are literally destroying their lives just to feel the psychological effects attributed to the utilization of drugs. Among the list of drugs, cannabis is seen to be most popularly used. Recent reports have even shown that young people tend to use drugs in order to perplex a more fulfilling sexual experience, an event that may lead to prostitution, spread of sexually transmitted diseases, and promiscuity (News Group Newspaper Ltd., 2008).It is actually very sad that these people are being misguided by the absence of proper laws that will directly prohibit, and even prosecute them to use drugs. The future of the British racecourse lies in the hand of the present generation and if it appears that the said generation is out of track then it is apt(predicate) to think that the future of this nation is compromised.Immediate actions must be done by the British organization to formulate laws that will certify proper academic drug education in high give lessons and college, increasing the minimum of age that is allowed to purchase alcoholic drinks from 16 to 18, a substance that usually goes on with the usage of drugs, imposition of strict rules on late night partying, and on encouraging parents to provide liable parenthood to their children.These steps, if executed in the soonest possible time, can save British youngsters from a life of misery and unfulfilled life goals to a more rewarding and productive way of life.ReferenceHickley, M. (2006). booze and drug ruining British youngsters, government admits. Mail online. Retrieved 30 April 2010, from http//www.dailymail.co.ukNews Group Newspaper Ltd. (2008). throw and drugs used for sex. The Sun. Retrieved 30 April 2010, from http//www.thesun.co.uk

The Future of Cruise Industry

The Future of sail Industry Abstract sheet manufacturing has rapidly ontogenesis since 1990s it becomes not only as transportation tool, but a modern font way of journey and even lifestyle. It is regarded as floating resorts. This journal article focuses on the future using of cruising fabrication.It examines travel patience on five main factors the structure of the manufacturing high concentration and sneak in of Low- appeal journey gets the probable customers whether aging population or young coevals would be the study group of consumers destinations and markets define the close to popular destinations and core markets, as well as the exploration of in the raw markets and destinations the rising innovation of ocean-based apartment, the safety and shelter issues, which signifi rouset raised concern recently and whether the outhousevas persistence is environmental sustainable.Three cite sources atomic number 18 used to comp ar and contrast the viewpoints hospit ality 2010, which is written by Dr. Cetron sail Ship tourism, written by Dr. Dowling and the Cruise Ship Experience, written by Dr. Douglas. These key sources argon actually up-to-date and reliable, the key authors are admitted as experts whether in the business or academic field, their works are in line with the topic. This journal article identifies current spatial relation and the future developing trends of the sheet effort. It concludes that he sail diligence has a very apt future if proper mea sure as shootingments and regulation are macrocosm introduced and well use.Nowa long time, Cruise fabrication is concerned as the most rapid growing celestial sphere in hospitality industry, which the business is expanding by 8 part annually. In some specific area much(prenominal) as Alaska and Caribbean, it remains the top industry that fall ins to the economy. Cruising business is expanding and changing arena-wide however, the industry is little understood by the soci ety. Today, ships are not viewed as a means of transport but as floating resorts. Mega ships were introduced to sway more than than 5,000 community new ports on call and destinations are been discovered and on the way of developing the business.However, fulfil by the booming of the industry, several issues accommodate been risen concerns on. This journal article volition debate six issues relate to the developing trends of cruise industry the structure of the industry and further trends the potential passengers the animate and potential markets and destinations the sea-based apartmentwill it be popular the concern of safety and security which is considered as simple factor collectible to the terrorist fall upons and the environmental issue should corporations be self-guarded or forced to implement regulations.The thesis description of the article is that cruise industry will overcome the difficulties and pee a fortunate future. The secondary question is based on both quantitative and qualitative data, include case studies, statistics and in-depth interviews. To support the secondary data, a primary research was conducted in the form of questionnaire. The sample gathitherd fourty international students that majoring in hospitality and touristry management in Sydney. The sample was gained from the Carrick College, outside(a) College of Management, Sydney and Holmes College.The nationalities are varies, include Sweden, Norwegian, Australian, Japanese, Korean and Chinese. The questionnaire combines Yes or No questions, sixfold choices and short answers. These questions are in line with secondary data that discussed in the journal article, identify whether people are interested and impulsive to experience cruising in the future. The aim of primary research is to explore whether the responses are support or against Dr Dowling (cc6), Dr. Cetron (2006) and Dr. Douglas (2004) findings. Literature ReviewIdeas from two key sources are used to compare a nd contrast in this journal article. The foremost key source is chapter 8 from Hospitality 2010, which is written by Dr. Marvin J. Cetron, who is a pro forecaster for over 40 years admitted both by corporate and Ameri dope government. He is admitted as an expert in the fields of technological forecasting, strategic planning, technology assessment, R&D planning, imaginativeness allocation, economics, marketing, and the behavioral sciences. Dr. Cetron has written 36 books, numerous articles and papers.His most popular works are future orientated. Hospitality 2010 is written in the form of business report and is considered American biased (Hall, 2007) Chapter 8 explores most of the aspects of cruising industry briefly which brought out discussion. It examines potential trends and problems such as waste management, aging population and future destinations that are particularly useful for this journal article. Dr. Ross K. Dowling is Foundation Professor and Head of Tourism in the School of Marketing, Tourism and Leisure, Faculty of pipeline and Law, Edith Cowan University, Western Australia.Professor Dowling is an international speaker, author, researcher and consultant on tourism with over 200 publications. He is passionate about Cruise Industry and he has lectured on board Silver foul around the east coast of Australia and New Zealand. The second source Cruise Ship Tourism is the first comprehensive academic book to raise the awareness of cruise industry. It analyses current status of cruise industry and investigates a number of industry issues and predicts the future trends. This book gives clear direction from academic viewpoint. The third key source is The Cruise Experience written by Dr.Norman Douglas and Dr. Ngaire Douglas. Dr. Norman Douglas is Director of Pacific Profile and has taught at the University of New southeastern Wales, the University of the South Pacific, Fiji and the University of Hawaii. Dr. Ngaire Douglas is Associate Professor in t he School of Tourism and Hospitality Management, southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW. The Cruise Experience examines cruising today, the economic impacts of cruising, and case studies from various perspectives. The Structure of Cruise Industry No doubt, three major companies condition about 80% of the cruise market worldwide.The top three companies are Carnival Corporation, Royal Caribbean and Star Cruise. While the cruise industrys capacity is increasing, the number of cruise companies is shirking. Douglas (2004) states that the move towards oligopoly will continually contribute to the disappearance of the mid-sized independent cruise companies which are rating from three-to-four title-holder only companies which have their own niche market or have strong economic priming will survive. Furthermore, the Carnival Corporation aims not only the world leading cruise lines, but the world only cruise line.It means more cruise lines would likely be merged in the future the concentr ation in the industry is possibly to increase even further (Dowling, 2006). Klein (2002) identifies bankruptcies as another(prenominal) reason for high concentration of the industry. In 2000 and 2001, seven cruise companies have ceased operations, include Premier Cruises, Commodore Cruise Line, Cape Canaveral Cruise Line and World Cruise Company, which eliminated more than 7,000 berths. Klein (2002) observes that the cruise industrys refinement would be greater if the bankruptcies were not happened. Besides concentration that highly emphasised by experts, Dr.Dowling (2006) considers that Low hail Cruising would make a significant growth of the industry. For example, Low Budget no-frills style airlines had made a success in 2000s, such as Midway Airlines and SunJet Airlines. In 2005, the founder of one of the Low Cost airlines, EasyJet, has started a Low Cost no frills cruise line EasyCruise in Europe, targeted at younger generation between 20 and 40 years old more than half of th e customers are British, followed by Americans, Germans and the Swiss. Dr. Dowling (2006) asserts that in that respect will be a rapidly growing niche market for low cost cruises. electromotive force PassengersAccording to Dr. Dowling (2006), a recent survey has shown that the passengers are becoming more youthful and are demanding more mobile itineraries. Take example of Alaska, the average age of passengers has fallen from 65 to 50 during 2004-2005. Furthermore, Dr. Dowling (2006) claims that family orientated cruises is becoming progressively popular and will become a major niche market in future. Cruise Lines International Association (CLIA, 2004) showed 16% of cruisers bring children under age of 18 years sailed on their member line ships in 2004, which estimated number of more than one million. Dr.Cetron (2006) agrees that younger travelers form a profitable market for family cruising to demonstrate up brand loyalty is one of the biggest advantages of catering them, cruis e companies considered them as the most profitable cruisers for their subsequentlywards lives. Dr. Dowling (2006) observes that compare to younger generation, the number of full-time retirees is declining due to the fact that mid-career baby boomers now make up the largest market for cruises of 42%. In contrast, Dr. Cetron (2006) strongly argued that due to the fact that people are living all-night and growing older on average, these people make up a growing segment of the cruise market.According to the Center for Strategic and International Studies, people over 65 were only 8% of the population in 1950 in the developed world, but 15% in 2000 and will be 27% in 2050. In some countries like Japan, the number will climb up to 37%. Secondly, senior generation manoeuvre the longest and most luxurious cruises. Different from family and budget-minded passengers, elder people prefer small ships and regardless of the money just to have good times. They would be very profitable for cruis e operators. Thirdly, Dr.Cetron (2006) believes that the growth of over 65 market will moderate the regular seasonality of tourism, because retirees can travel at any time this can help cruise operators to adjust their cash flow. In addition, some cruise lines have already targeted retirees as core market and adjust their service to suit the market Dr. Cetron (2006) recommends this market has potential consuming efficiency that could definitely increase revenue for the cruise company others should follow their lead. New Markets and Destinations A number of new markets and destinations are rapidly recognised in the cruise sector.Dr. Cetron (2006) illustrates that by 2010, China is expected to be the virtuoso largest source of international tourists in the world, displacing Americans, Japanese and Germans. He predicts that 100 million Chinese will travel globally in 2020 even 1% of them take cruise trip, the market size will be more than doubled. In the meanwhile, although Dr. Dowli ng (2006) concerns China as a potential market as well, he suggests more studies should be conducted before enter of the market to understand and explore the possibility to develop cruise industry in China. Another emerging cruise destination both Dr.Cetron (2006) and Dr. Dowling (2006) have strongly emphasised is the Indian Ocean. South Africa and the Eastern African ports have already established some trade, 0. 2% of the world market, as Dr. Dowling (2006) states the National Ports Authority is working on the development of the cruise industry in this region in order to ensure that efficient, effective services and facilities are provided to cruise liners to populate the South African coastline. As Dr. Cetron (2006) observes, cruise lines will begin to offer cruises and on board amenities suited native Indians taste and serve the local market.A New Innovation sea-based Apartment Dr. Dowling (2006) states that another area of potential expansion in the future is the rise of servic e apartment ships. These eccentric person of ships represent another type of community, the service include Clinique, swimming pools, several restaurants, grocery stores tennis court, disco, book store, mini golf style and helicopter pad. Already there is one privately owned residential cruise liner, the world, which houses 110 apartments that have already sold out, running the business. The residents mainly come from Europe and the USA.However, some apartments usually being go forth empty and treated as holiday homes. Dr. Dowling (2006) concludes that the possibility of whether sea-based apartment is a new opportunity for cruise lines or just a short term fashion will be identified by time. Safety and Security Anderson (2005) described security issues facing cruise industry include piracy, terrorist act, drug smuggling, versed assault and stowaways (Dowling, 2006). Piracy is a form of terrorism that exists for a long time. However, it has been largely ignored by the community due to the frequency of attacks. Dr.Dowling (2006) demonstrates the main cruise ships despatchs of piracy include the Straits and Malacca, the Red Sea and Indonesian and Malaysian waters. Another issue which has continually raising the concern is terrorism, despite of the infrequency of attack of cruise lines. The Caribbean has been identified as a major area of terrorist attack. Dr. Dowling (2006) detected that terrorist incidents within the cruise industry has been very rare, which is less than 2% of all terrorist attacks in the last thirty years. It may due to bother of accessibility and the specialist skills compare the way to attack land-based targets (Chalk, 2002).Dr. Cetron (2006) argued that cruise ships are ideal targets for terrorists who are willing to sacrifice themselves as they can take large number of people with them. The second reason is, as the government facilities and land-based buildings are becoming harder to attack, cruise ships are currently facing great ri sk. Furthermore, 94 percent of American rate the hotel safety as a primary factor in order to influence where to stay (Cetron, 2006). Regarding cruises as floating hotels, terrorism becomes a top concern for passengers. Both Dr. Cetron (2006) and Dr.Dowling (2006) mentioned the highjack of the Italian cruise liner Achille Lauro in 1985, which a US citizen was killed. Great emphasis of improving passengers safety and security was implemented immediately after the attack. Even though, bomb threats on board have never stopped, accomplished by people being killed. Recently, The International Ship and Port Safety (ISPS) Code was fully implemented in order to control the situation. Dr. Dowling (2006) emphasises US and Australia have higher security measures than other countries to prevent terrorist attacks on maritime targets.In addition, Australia has some of the most secure ports in the world including the USA. Dr. Dowling (2006) concludes that there is little the industry can do to pre vent terrorism, however, it can be minimised through better security both at sea and in port. In addition, Dr. Cetron predicts that the legislation will be much tighter in the future regarding to the prevention of terrorism on board. Environmental Sustainability Environmental Policy Challenges The question has been raised that whether cruise industry is environment sustainable or not. As the primary survey shows, environmental issues are not being realised in earnest by society.Surprisingly, 74 percent of the sample responded with no clue of what environmental impact the cruise industry would cause, which is very shock. In fact, the destinations that located in biodiversity hotspots are being highly concerned as they have the most diverse and threatened environments on Earth. The destinations include the Caribbean, The Mediterranean, Western Mexico, the Panama Canal Zone and the South Pacific. Over the last 40 years, the governments have already made some progress and implementing environmentally trustworthy legislation and policy guidelines.However, Furger (1997) Freeman (1997) Luke (1997) and Sinclair (1997) argues that current debate shows ongoing progress will not be accomplished by government intervention alone (cited in Dowling, 2006). To examine whether self-regulation and voluntary guidelines or control regulation is more suitable for the cruise industry, two case studies from Juneau, Alaska, USA and Sydney, NSW, Australia are examined in the article. No doubt, the state of Alaska has the strictest regulations for cruise ships in the world, as the state regards the industry as primary factor that contribute to the local economy.The sewage and grey water discharge are especially strict in Juneau. Dr. Dowling (2006) states The clear-cut Water Act in the USA allows sewage to be dumped into the ocean beyond 3 miles of down but not navigable water. Grey Water can be discharged anywhere in the USA but Alaska and the Great Lakes. Once the legislation has set, cruise companies responded voluntarily and showed their enthusiasm to go beyond compliance, which effect their marketing, reputation and economic value. Their strategies include best practice management, eco-labelling and green marketing.In the meanwhile, innovative technology in the form of advanced on-board wastewater treatment facilities was introduced by the cruise industry that is commonly applied to the cruise ships today. However, Dr. Klein (2002) argues that environmental responsibility can never voluntarily assumed due to the disappointed history. Dr. Klein (2002) describes the pattern that most industry innovations follow is, deny their faulty behaviour, persuade government to not implement regulations, resist enforcement, and after being caught, announce new companys regulations.He maintains that self-regulation is the way cruise companies to escape from being caught. The situation in Sydney is a reverse of Juneau, where regulation stifles innovation and discourages beyond compliance behaviour (Dr. Dowling, 2006). The legislation of no-discharge in Sydney has made shipping agents frustrated. In Juneau, those ships with the state-of-art wastewater systems can discharge continuously cannot make exceptions from no-discharge policy applies at Sydney Harbour.To reply these unhappy operators, Sydney ports argue that even advanced wastewater system installed in cruises, produce soothe excess nutrients (Sydney waterways, 2003). However, no-charge policy has made the new system become a financial liability to cruise companies. They have to afford the cost of installing and operating the system but still have to right for sewage disposal. To reduce the cost, cruise companies use older ships with older technologies instead of new ships in Australia they argue that the no-charge policy is actually posing a degree of harm to the environment, which because older ships poses even more environmental hazards.In summary, experts support various viewpoints Sinc lair (1997) noted that mix of policy mechanisms and technological innovation should be involved Klein (2002) asserts the industry requires strong legislations to control the corporations behaviour on the other hand, Rondinelli (2000) believes more industry self-regulation would work. The key author Dr. Dowling (2006) concludes that due to the failure of corporations to build up their credibility and continually being caught and charged, cruise companies should not be trusted by self-regulation Dr.Dowling (2006) observes strong legislation would best control the disposal issue and maintains environmental sustainability efficiently. Conclusion It is translucent cruise industry is big business not only for cruise operators, but valuable for umteen nations, cities, ports and communities. Just in North American region in 2004, it provided 135,000 jobs and contributed US$30 billion on the US economy, which increased more than 18% over the previous year.The business structure will be ve ry similar to the current airline industry, which dominate by oligopolists but small growing sector for Low Cost cruises and these large companies might implement predation strategy, increase the frequency of sailing routes and appal the prices to drive Cost cruises out, like what American Airline did in 1990s. Secondly, the passengers will not only be concentrated on elder generation, but involved all age groups different cruise lines will particularly target different groups when considering purchase new vessels and planning market strategies.Thirdly, the progress of developing cruise industry in developing countries is on their ways, the future markets and destinations will not be only in developed nations, but spread globally. Next, the trend of sea-based apartment is difficult to predict, but due to the luxury and passing high price of purchasing, one thing cannot deny that it is entertain for upper class only. Furthermore, due to the stretch forth impact from terrorist atta ck and risen concern from passengers, the policy of safety and security will be progressively tighter with new detecting technology involved.Lastly, the environmental sustainability issue will never be finished the discussion. In my opinion, doesnt matter what action people take into account, when there is human activities, it will be no longer sustainability. However, due to the fact that it is merely impossible for human being to stop discovering the Earth, what government and non-profitable orgnisations can do is to minimise our influence to the environment, establish more policies to regulate and strict activities with monitoring, because I believe deep that self-regulation will never work, as long as the improper discharge of wastes can save their cost.At the very end, I strongly believe the cruise industry will have a very bright future, for the cruise operators, the consumers, the employment, the society and the governments. References Cetron, M. (2006). Hospitality 2010 th e Future of Hospitality and Travel. New Jersey Pearson Prentice Hall Dowling, R. K. (2006). Cruise Ship Tourism. London CABI. Douglas, N. & Douglas, N. (2004). The Cruise Experience Global and Regional Issues in Cruising. London CABI. Ebersold, W. B. Business Briefing Global Cruise Cruise Industry in Figures. 2004). Online. Available http//www. touchbriefings. com/pdf/858/ebersold. pdf Accessed 2008, April 1. Klein, A. R. (2002). Cuise Ship BluesThe can of the Industry. Canada New Society Publishers Ye, W. Chinas Cruise Economy is Ready to Bloom. (2007). Online. Available http//www. ccyia. com/english/News_View. asp? NewsID=154 Accessed 2008, March 31. Choi, C. Q. (2007, March 25). Cruise Lines Face More Policing of Waste Disposal. The New York Times. P5. Appendix Survey on Cruise Industry 1. Have you ever been taken a cruise trip?Yes No 2. be you willing to take a cruise trip in the future? Yes No Not sure 3. Which type of cruise do you prefer? A. Small luxury ships with pers onalised service B. Big ships, pace 2000 passengers, probably need to Queue for amenities/facilities C. Budgeted cruise trip 4. Who would you likely to travel with? A. Friends B. Family C. Alone 5. How umteen days do you prefer to spend on cruising? A. 3 days B. 3 to 7 days C. 14 days D. A month 6. What is your spending expectation during the stay on a cruise?A. AU$50 to 100 B. AU$100 To 300 C. More than AU$300 7. Is there any destinations you wish to visit? Eg, the Caribbean, Alaska, Australia round trip, Antarctic, Malaysia/Indonesia, China 8. Why you choose cruise trips but not land-based hotels/resorts? Give one or more reasons. 9. What is the most important factor that you consider when choosing a route or cruise line? 10. Do you know the cruise lines are damaging the environment especially the marines? If yes, what things should be done to prevent/reduce the impact of cruise industry?